Is it possible to partially disable Cloudflare's proxy for certain resources (e.g., images) while keeping it active for other parts of my Shopify store?

No, this is not easily achieved with the standard DNS settings within Cloudflare. You can configure Cloudflare page rules and settings for cache management, but it's not a direct proxy disable for individual resources. You'd typically disable the proxy on the DNS record level, which affects the entire subdomain or domain. However, it is possible using page rules to bypass certain resources in terms of caching and security.