What are some effective mitigation strategies against TCP ACK DDoS attacks?

Effective mitigation strategies include implementing rate limiting on incoming ACK packets, using firewalls to filter out suspicious traffic patterns (e.g., ACK packets from spoofed IPs or directed to unusual ports), deploying specialized DDoS protection services, and utilizing Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to absorb and distribute traffic. Blackholing traffic from known malicious sources can also be effective.